Tuesday, December 21, 2010

PRESENT PERFECT


Form of the Present Perfect
We form the Present Perfect with have and the past participle 
(regular verbs: infinitive + -ed; irregular verbs: 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs)
have/has + past participle
has: 3rd person singular (he, she, it)
have: all other forms
past participle: 
- regular verbs: infinitive + -ed
- irregular verbs: 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs

1) action was in progress at special time in the past

Peter was reading a book yesterday evening.
She was listening to the radio.


2) two actions were happening at the same time (the actions do not influence each other)

Anne was writing a letter while Steve was reading the New York Times.


3) together with the Simple Past

While we were sitting at the breakfast table, the telephone rang.
Note:
Past Progressive: were sitting at the table
Simple Past: the telephone rang.
The action in the Simple Past interrupted the action in the Past Progressive.


4) repeated actions irritating the speaker (with always, constantly, forever)

Andrew was always coming in late. (I don't like it.)
Simple Past:
Andrew always came late. (Here I don't give a comment.)

PAST CONTINUOUS

Form of the Past Progressive/Continuous
We use a form of to be (was or were), the infinitive of the verb and the ending –ing.
to be (was, were) + infinitive + -ing

Past Perfect - Use


1) Together with the Simple Past

When two past actions are combined - the first action, which was completed before the second one began, is put into Past Perfect.
Mary had read the book before she watched a film.
After Amy had gone home it started to rain.


2) the past equivalent of the Present Perfect

He had played hockey.

Besonderheiten

Present Perfect
Past Perfect
The bike is new. I've bought it.
The bike was new. I had bought it.

Past Perfect - Simple Past
Simple Past - Simple Past
The match had started before he arrived.
The match started when he arrived.

Grammar Tenses


PAST PERFECT
Form of the Past Perfect
We form the Past Perfect with had and the past participle (regular verbs: infinitive + -ed; irregular verbs: 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs)
had + past participle
We use the same form of the auxiliary had every time regardless the subject.
past participle: 
- regular verbs: infinitive + -ed
- irregular verbs: 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs
Affirmative sentences
regular verbs
irregular verbs
I/you/he/she/it/we/they had played hockey.
I/you/he/she/it/we/they had gone home.



Negative sentences
regular verbs
irregular verbs
I/you/he/she/it/we/they had not played hockey.
I/you/he/she/it/we/they had not gone home.



Questions
regular verbs
irregular verbs
Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they played hockey?
Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they gone home?

PARTS OF SPEECH


1.VERB
-Describes an ACTION/INDICATES a state of being
Example:Verb TO BE/BE
-am,is,are,was,were,been,being


2.NOUN
-Is used to name A PERSON,PLACE,THING,QUALITY,OR ACTION and CAN FUNCTION AS THE SUBJECT/OBJECT of verb.

There are 4 CLASSES of NOUN.
*PROPER NOUN
-Start with CAPITAL LETTER to indicates a TITLE/SPECIFIC THING/PERSON
Example:Woodside Elementary,Rob Jones,June
*COMMON NOUN
-Names GENERAL ITEM
Example:Refrigerator,magnet,store,window
*COLLECTIVE NOUN
-Refers to A GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS
Example:Team committee/Family
*ABSTRACT NOUN
-Names an IDEA,EVENT,QUALITY/CONCEPT AND FEELING
Example:Things which are INTANGIBLE and CANNOT BE COUNTED


3.PRONOUN
-A WORD that takes the PLACE OF A NOUN,NOUN PHASE.
Example:I,it,you, we,he,she,them,whom,someone,everyone,none,anybody,that


4.ADJECTIVES
-MODIFIES A NOUN/PRONOUN by DESCRIBING ,IDENTIFYING/QUALIFYING.An adjective usually PRECEDES THE NOUN/PRONOUN which it modifies.
Example:
-The trucked-shaped balloon floated over the treetops
-The small boat foundered on the wine dark sea
-The coal mines are dark and dank
-Many stores have already begun to play irritating Christmas music


5.ADVERB
-Primarily used to MODIFY A VERB,ADJECTIVES/OTHER ADVERBS

FUNCTION OF AN ADVERB
-Add information about TIME(RARELY,FREQUENTLY,TOMORROW)MANNER(SLOWLY,QUICKLY,WILLINGLY) or PLACE(HERE,THERE,EVERYWHERE)


6.PREPOSITION
-A WORD and A MEMBER of a CLOSED WORD CLASS that shows the RELATIONSHIP between A NOUN/PRONOUN and other WORDS in a sentences.

Example:
-They are on the aboard now
-They are talking about their presentations
-They are across the street
-We eat desert after a meal


7.INTERJECTION
-A WORD added to a sentence to CONVEY EMOTION.It is not GRAMMATICALLY related to any other PART OF THE SENTENCE.

Example:
-Ouch
-Oh no
-Hey!
-Eh?

8.CONJUNCTION
-Serves to CONNECT WORDS,PHRASES,CLAUSES/SENTENCES

Example:
-F(FOR)
-A(AND)
-N(NOR)
-B(BUT)
-O(OR)
-Y(YET)
-S(SO)

Exercise(Parts of speech)


Underline the nouns. 
1.Jason enjoyed the movie about France.
2.The musicians play marching songs.
3.Music lovers thrill to the sound of trumpets.
4.Boys and girls are often eager to listen.
5.The conductor moves his baton vigorously.
6.There is no death penalty for criminals in Puerto Rico.  
7.The "Explorer," crammed with scientific instruments was lunched on January 31,1956.
8.New Mexico was admitted as a state in the twentieth century.
9.Chester Arthur was nominated for vice-president by the Republican Party in 1880.
10.Winston churchill was the man whose courage led the nation from defeat to victory.

Underline the adjectives.
1.The interior plateau of the Union of South Africa is called its veldt.
2.There are countless millions of gaseous bodies called stars.
3.Baseball, enjoyed by many cheering fans today, was played here and in merry Englandbefore 1839.
4.Sir Walter Raleigh was a famous statesman and a bold explorer.
5.His many projects to settle America were unsuccessful.
6.He even made a long voyage to the Hot Lands below the Equator in search of gold.
7.After the death of his beloved queen, he was arrested for being disloyal citizen.
8.His adventurous career to an abrupt end when he was executed for piracy in 1618.
9.As college admission standards continue to rise, tension and anxiety build to a ridiculouspoint in college 
   preparatory seniors.
10.Twenty-five students attended reading class during the first term
posted by md azhar